i'm having something like these files:
libfoo.h
class foo
{
public:
foo() = default;
virtual ~foo();
};
libfoo.cpp
#include "libfoo.h"
foo::~foo() { /* code here */ }
test.cpp
#include <libfoo.h>
int main()
{
foo f;
}
i compile libfoo.h and libfoo.cpp into a shared library and all that is fine.
but when i then try to use the library in test.cpp i get undefined reference to the destructor ~foo().
this error however does not occur if i define the destructor directly in libfoo.h. i have this problem with all functions defined outside the class in my library so im guessing it has something to do with the compilation process (it compiles fine however)
i compile the library like this:
g++ -std=c++0x -Wall -Werror -fPIC -c -o libfoo.o libfoo.cpp
g++ -shared libfoo.o -o libfoo.so
any ideas as to what i might be doing wrong?
(all the functions that i declare inclass, like template functions works fine and causes no undefined reference)
I tried to reproduce the error, but I failed.
I created the files (with slight modifications):
// libfoo.h
struct foo { virtual ~foo(); };
// libfoo.cpp
#include "libfoo.h"
foo::~foo() {}
// test.cpp
#include "libfoo.h"
int main() { foo f; }
Built like this:
$ g++ -std=c++0x -Wall -Werror -fPIC -c -o libfoo.o libfoo.cpp
$ g++ -shared libfoo.o -o libfoo.so
$ g++ test.cpp -L. -lfoo
And ran like this:
$ env LD_LIBRARY_PATH=. ./a.out
I got no errors. Are you sure there is a problem with your code?
Related
I want to write a shared library and I want to get a compiler/linker error if I forgot to implement some functions.
Consider the following case:
test.h
class Test {
public:
Test();
};
test.cpp
#include "test.h"
main.cpp
#include "test.h"
int main() {
new Test();
}
If I create a library with this command gcc -c -fpic test.cpp && g++ -shared -o libtest.so -Wl,--no-undefined -Wl,--no-allow-shlib-undefined test.o there is no error message, but the library is broken. Is there a way to force the creation of a not broken library?
Edit: adding additional flag, but doesn't change result
These codes have been modified:
test.h :
class Test {
public:
Test();
};
test.cpp :
#include "test.h"
Test::Test(){} // you must implement the constructor
You must have to implement the constructor, and if not, you get an error "undefined reference to `Test::Test()'".
main.cpp :
#include <iostream>
#include "test.h"
using namespace std;
int main(void)
{
Test* t = new Test(); // you must define a pointer
cout << "test* was created: " << t << endl;
delete t;
t = nullptr;
return 0;
}
Now all the code is OK. Then we create a shared-library with the following command:
g++ -shared -o test.so -fPIC test.cpp
Finally, we compile the main.cpp file at the same time as referring to the test.so shared-library and get the exe output, by the command below:
g++ -g main.cpp test.so -o test.exe
I have this header file:
weather.h
#ifndef _WEATHER_H_
#define _WEATHER_H_
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Weather {
private:
int temp;
public:
Weather();
string announce();
};
#endif
When I compile the related source file, I want to make announce and Weather (the default constructor) weak during compile time.
To do so, the flow looks something like:
g++ -std=c++11 -g -Wall -c weather.cpp
objcopy --weaken-symbol=announce --weaken-symbol=Weather weather.o weather.o
However, when I then compile another version of weather without the weakening? I still get a duplicate symbol error.
I know --weaken exists, but this is just a sample and I do not want to blanket weaken every method in the class.
Weakening the symbols in the one file and linking all the objects together works for me. Make sure you are relinking all the objects (including all constructors).
weather1.cpp
Weather::Weather() {}
string Weather::announce()
{
return string("Bad weather");
}
weather2.cpp
Weather::Weather() {}
string Weather::announce()
{
return string("Bad weather 2");
}
build.sh
g++ weather1.cpp -c -o weather1.o
g++ weather2.cpp -c -o weather2.o
g++ test.cpp -c -o test.o
objcopy --weaken-symbol=_ZN7Weather8announceEv --weaken-symbol=_ZN7WeatherC2Ev --weaken-symbol=_ZN7WeatherC1Ev weather2.o weather2.o
g++ *.o -o test.out
Depending on whether I weaken weather1.o or weather2.o, I see different outputs from my test main function:
int main()
{
Weather w;
std::cout << w.announce() << "\n";
return 0;
}
I created a shared library "A" that use an other shared library "B".
I have a problem when I link my program with the shared library "A".
When I use some function from the other shared library ("B") inside cpp file of the shared library "A", all is fine.
But when I use these functions inside .h file (inside a templated method or an inlined method) of the shared library "A", the symbol is not loaded and I get an error "undefined reference to symbol".
I used g++ 7.2.
I think the option -l forget to load the symbols used in header file.
Do you have an idea to avoid this?
Update 2:
Here a full reproducible example:
A.cpp
#include "A.h"
A.h
#ifndef A_H
# define A_H
#include <type_traits>
#include "B.h"
class A
{
public:
template <typename Type>
std::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<Type>::value,void> funcA(Type value);
};
template <typename Type>
std::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<Type>::value,void> A::funcA(Type value)
{
B tmp;
tmp.funcB(value);
}
#endif
B.cpp
#include "B.h"
#include <iostream>
void B::example()
{
std::cout << "works" << std::endl;
}
B.h
#ifndef B_H
# define B_H
class B
{
public:
void funcB(int value);
private:
void example();
};
inline void B::funcB(int value)
{
value += 1;
example();
}
#endif
main.cpp
#include "A.h"
int main()
{
A tmp;
tmp.funcA(5);
return 1;
}
Compile
g++ -std=c++17 -m64 -O2 -DNDEBUG -Wall -Wextra -Werror -fPIC -o A.o -c A.cpp
g++ -std=c++17 -m64 -O2 -DNDEBUG -Wall -Wextra -Werror -fPIC -o B.o -c B.cpp
g++ -std=c++17 -m64 -O2 -DNDEBUG -Wall -Wextra -Werror -fPIC -o main.o -c main.cpp
g++ -o libB.so B.o -shared
g++ -o libA.so A.o -shared -L. -lB
g++ -o application main.o -L . -lA
Error
main.o: In function `main':
main.cpp:(.text.startup+0x1a): undefined reference to `B::example()'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Thank you,
SOLVED:
Finally, I solved my problem with this thread:
GCC 4.5 vs 4.4 linking with dependencies
Thank you!
Consider the following setup consisting of two shared libraries which both use a static library:
static.cpp
#include "static.h"
static int a = 0;
int getA()
{
return a++;
}
static.h
#pragma once
int getA();
shareda.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "shareda.h"
#include "static.h"
void printA()
{
std::cout << getA() << std::endl;
}
shareda.h
#pragma once
void printA();
sharedb.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "sharedb.h"
#include "static.h"
void printB()
{
std::cout << getA() << std::endl;
}
sharedb.h
#pragma once
void printB();
main.cpp
#include "shareda.h"
#include "sharedb.h"
int main()
{
printA();
printA();
printB();
printA();
printB();
return 0;
}
I compiled and ran these files with the following commands (using Clang 3.8.0, compiled from source, and 64-bit Debian with GNU ld 2.25):
clang++ -c static.cpp -o static.o -fPIC
ar rcs libstatic.a static.o
clang++ -c shareda.cpp -o shareda.o -fPIC
clang++ -shared -o libshareda.so shareda.o libstatic.a
clang++ -c sharedb.cpp -o sharedb.o -fPIC
clang++ -shared -o libsharedb.so sharedb.o libstatic.a
clang++ -L. -lshareda -lsharedb -o main main.cpp
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH ./main
To my surprise, the output was the following:
0
1
2
3
4
My expectation was this:
0
1
0
2
1
Apparently, despite the static keyword in front of a in static.cpp, only one instance of a exists. Is there a way to have two instances of a, one for each of the shared libraries?
Apparently, despite the static keyword in front of a in static.cpp, only one instance of a exists.
That is incorrect: two instances of a exist, but only one is actually used.
And that is happening because (contrary to your expectations) printB calls the first getA available to it (the one from libshareda.so, not the one from libsharedb.so). That is one major difference between UNIX shared libraries and Windows DLLs. UNIX shared libraries emulate what would have happened if your link was:
clang++ -L. -o main main.cpp shareda.o sharedb.o libstatic.a
So what can you do to "fix" this?
You could link libsharedb.so to prefer its own getA, by using -Bsymbolic.
You could hide getA inside libsharedb.so completely (as if it's a private implementation detail):
clang++ -c -fvisibility=hidden -fPIC static.cpp
ar rcs libstatic.a static.o
clang++ -shared -o libsharedb.so sharedb.o libstatic.a
You could achieve similar result using linker version script.
P.S. Your link command:
clang++ -L. -lshareda -lsharedb -o main main.cpp
is completely backwards. It should be:
clang++ -L. -o main main.cpp -lshareda -lsharedb
The order of sources/object files and libraries on command line matters, and libraries should follow object files that reference them.
I made a program to test my knowledge on class but I had some troubles.
foo.h:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class foo
{
private:
int a;
public:
foo();
};
foo.cc:
#include <iostream>
#include "foo.h"
using namespace std;
foo::foo()
{
a = 0;
}
And main.cc:
#include<iostream>
#include "foo.h"
int main()
{
foo a;
return 0;
}
I compiled this with g++ main.cc -o main. Then I got
-bash-4.1$ g++ main.cc -o main
/tmp/cc5Hnes8.o: In function `main':
main.cc:(.text+0x10): undefined reference to `foo::foo()'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
I think there should be a really stupid mistake here but I really cannot find it. I've been struggling on this whole night...
Appreciate any help!
You are asking the compiler to not only translate main.cc but also perform the final link to produce the executable main. This second step cannot be done because main.cc references the function foo::foo whose definition is in foo.cc and therefore not available to the compiler. You can do this:
g++ main.cc -c -o main.o
g++ foo.cc -c -o foo.o
g++ main.o foo.o -o main
The -c flag makes the compiler perform translation only, so this separately compiles main.cc and foo.cc and then links the objects together to obtain the executable. In this way, the definition of foo::foo will end up inside foo.o and will be available at link time.
Or, you can just provide both .cc files. This basically does the same thing as the three commands above:
g++ main.cc foo.cc -o main
You should compile all source (.cc in your case) files:
g++ main.cc foo.cc -o main
When you realize the constructor of foo in foo.cc, you should compile it.
use g++ main.cc foo.cc -o main.