I'm trying to compile the following c++ code that implements Context Tree Switching (More info on the download page):
Zip archive, 0.2 MB
which requires some boost libraries. I download the latest version from boost.org and built all libraries that needed building following the instructions on the website. I also modified the makefile included in the archive to add the boost lib path and boost_system, but I still get an error. Here's the makefile i'm using:
PROGRAM = cts
SOURCES = $(wildcard *.cpp)
OBJECTS = $(SOURCES:.cpp=.o)
CFLAGS = -Wall
LDFLAGS = -lboost_program_options -lboost_filesystem -lboost_system
$(PROGRAM): $(OBJECTS) Makefile
g++ $(CFLAGS) -L/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/lib $(LDFLAGS) -o $(PROGRAM) $(OBJECTS)
# Include known dependecies from -MMD
#-include $(OBJECTS:.o=.d)
%.o: %.cpp
g++ -MMD $(CFLAGS) -I/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/include -c $<
clean:
rm -f $(OBJECTS) *.d
.PHONY: clean
where boost is in ~/opt/boost (constains lib and include subdir). And here's the linking error:
mnembrini#meem:~/src/cts-v1 $ make
g++ -MMD -Wall -I/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/include -c ac.cpp
g++ -MMD -Wall -I/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/include -c cts.cpp
cts.cpp: In member function ‘virtual void SwitchingTree::update(bit_t)’:
cts.cpp:402:12: warning: variable ‘snc’ set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
cts.cpp: In member function ‘virtual double SwitchingTree::prob(bit_t)’:
cts.cpp:432:12: warning: variable ‘snc’ set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
g++ -MMD -Wall -I/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/include -c ctw.cpp
g++ -MMD -Wall -I/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/include -c icsilog.cpp
g++ -MMD -Wall -I/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/include -c main.cpp
g++ -MMD -Wall -I/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/include -c PowFast.cpp
g++ -Wall -L/home/users/mnembrini/opt/boost/lib -lboost_program_options -lboost_filesystem -lboost_system -o cts ac.o cts.o ctw.o icsilog.o main.o PowFast.o
cts.o: In function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)':
cts.cpp:(.text+0x1743): undefined reference to `boost::system::generic_category()'
cts.cpp:(.text+0x174f): undefined reference to `boost::system::generic_category()'
cts.cpp:(.text+0x175b): undefined reference to `boost::system::system_category()'
ctw.o: In function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)':
ctw.cpp:(.text+0xfcf): undefined reference to `boost::system::generic_category()'
ctw.cpp:(.text+0xfdb): undefined reference to `boost::system::generic_category()'
ctw.cpp:(.text+0xfe7): undefined reference to `boost::system::system_category()'
main.o: In function `showHelp()':
main.cpp:(.text+0x1c): undefined reference to `boost::program_options::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&, boost::program_options::options_description const&)'
main.o: In function `initOptions(int, char**, boost::program_options::variables_map&)':
main.cpp:(.text+0x10f): undefined reference to `boost::program_options::options_description::add_options()'
main.cpp:(.text+0x129): undefined reference to `boost::program_options::options_description_easy_init::operator()(char const*, char const*)'
main.cpp:(.text+0x13e): undefined reference to `boost::program_options::options_description_easy_init::operator()(char const*, boost::program_options::value_semantic const*, char const*)'
main.cpp:(.text+0x153): undefined reference to `boost::program_options::options_description_easy_init::operator()(char const*, boost::program_options::value_semantic const*, char const*)'
main.cpp:(.text+0x166): undefined reference to `boost::program_options::options_description_easy_init::operator()(char const*, boost::program_options::value_semantic const*, char const*)'
main.cpp:(.text+0x1d6): undefined reference to `boost::program_options::store(boost::program_options::basic_parsed_options<char> const&, boost::program_options::variables_map&, bool)'
main.cpp:(.text+0x200): undefined reference to `boost::program_options::notify(boost::program_options::variables_map&)'
main.o: In function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)':
main.cpp:(.text+0x1f13): undefined reference to `boost::system::generic_category()'
main.cpp:(.text+0x1f1f): undefined reference to `boost::system::generic_category()'
[snip (2-3 screens like above)]
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [cts] Error 1
I'm using Gcc 4.6.3 on Ubuntu 12.04 64bit.
Place all the libraries after all the object files within the command line. The order is important here, unlike on some other operating systems.
You need to (just like n.m earlier wrote) make sure you have the correct order of the linking.
Basically some implementations care about what order you link object but also libraries.
If you link a library that hasnt yet been referenced by previous code it will be discarded. I remember coming up with a solution to hack in different (versions of) libraries in a program by referencing the same symbol but in an object linked after the first one and then re-link another library version:
-lyourprojwantingv1 -llibraryofv1 -lyourprojwantingv2 -llibraryofv2
Personally i think this is all just madness! (All of it!)
Related
This question already has answers here:
Why does the order in which libraries are linked sometimes cause errors in GCC?
(9 answers)
Closed 6 years ago.
I have a project with several .cpp and .h files, and I am trying to split the source into core / generic stuff, and application specific code. Based on that, I separated the code files into a Common folder and compiled it as a library. Below is the Makefile for that lib:
CFLAGS=-std=c++11 -g -c -pedantic -Wall -Wextra -I../boost_1_57_0 -L../boost_1_57_0/stage/lib
SOURCES = $(wildcard *.cpp)
OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.cpp=.o)
OUTPUTFILE=libcommon.a
all: $(OUTPUTFILE)
$(OUTPUTFILE): $(OBJECTS)
ar rcs $(OUTPUTFILE) $(OBJECTS)
.cpp.o:
$(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $< -o $# $(GPROF)
clean:
rm -f $(OBJECTS) $(OUTPUTFILE)
Then I created a sample main file just to try out the compilation of an app using that library.
Here is the code of the main source file:
#include "../Common/Functions.h"
#include "../Common/Logger.h"
int main() {
Logger::Init(false, false);
Logger::Debug("Test");
string path = Functions::GetAppPath();
Logger::Debug("App Path: ", path.c_str());
return 0;
}
The functions file that is being referenced uses boost, and here is the makefile for this app that uses the library:
CC=g++
CFLAGS=-Wl,--verbose -std=c++11 -g -c -pedantic -Wall -Wextra -I../boost_1_57_0 -L../boost_1_57_0/stage/lib
LDFLAGS=-I../boost_1_57_0 -L../boost_1_57_0/stage/lib -L../boost_libs/lib -L/usr/lib64 -L/usr/kerberos/lib -L/usr/lib -L../Common
LIBS=-lz -lkrb5 -lk5crypto -lcom_err -lresolv -lm -lpthread -lrt -lboost_system -lboost_filesystem -lboost_thread -lboost_date_time -rdynamic -lcurl -lcommon
SOURCES = $(wildcard *.cpp)
OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.cpp=.o)
EXECUTABLE=testApp
GPROF=-pg
all: $(SOURCES) $(EXECUTABLE)
$(EXECUTABLE): $(OBJECTS)
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) -o $# $(LIBS) $(GPROF)
.cpp.o:
$(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $< -o $# $(GPROF)
clean:
rm -rf *o $(OBJECTS)
When I try to compile, I get the following errors, complaining about undefined references to boost:
g++ -Wl,--verbose -std=c++11 -g -c -pedantic -Wall -Wextra -I../boost_1_57_0 -L../boost_1_57_0/stage/lib main.cpp -o main.o -pg
g++ -I../boost_1_57_0 -L../boost_1_57_0/stage/lib -L../boost_libs/lib -L/usr/lib64 -L/usr/kerberos/lib -L/usr/lib -L../Common main.o -o testApp -lz -lkrb5 -lk5crypto -lcom_err -lresolv -lm -lpthread -lrt -lboost_system -lboost_filesystem -lboost_thread -lboost_date_time -rdynamic -lcurl -lcommon -pg
../Common/libcommon.a(Functions.o): In function `Functions::GetAppPath()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/Functions.cpp:43: undefined reference to `boost::filesystem::path::parent_path() const'
../Common/libcommon.a(Functions.o): In function `boost::filesystem::initial_path()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/filesystem/operations.hpp:583: undefined reference to `boost::filesystem::detail::initial_path(boost::system::error_code*)'
../Common/libcommon.a(Functions.o): In function `boost::filesystem::system_complete(boost::filesystem::path const&)':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/filesystem/operations.hpp:655: undefined reference to `boost::filesystem::detail::system_complete(boost::filesystem::path const&, boost::system::error_code*)'
../Common/libcommon.a(Functions.o): In function `unsigned short boost::date_time::month_str_to_ushort<boost::gregorian::greg_month>(std::string const&)':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/date_time/date_parsing.hpp:67: undefined reference to `boost::gregorian::greg_month::get_month_map_ptr()'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `Logger::Cleanup()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/Logger.cpp:84: undefined reference to `boost::thread::interrupt()'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `Logger::InitFile(std::string, bool, std::_Ios_Openmode)':
/media/software/Robots/Common/Logger.cpp:186: undefined reference to `boost::filesystem::path::parent_path() const'
/media/software/Robots/Common/Logger.cpp:187: undefined reference to `boost::filesystem::path::parent_path() const'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `Logger::Process()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/Logger.cpp:241: undefined reference to `boost::this_thread::interruption_point()'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `boost::detail::thread_data_base::thread_data_base()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/thread/pthread/thread_data.hpp:143: undefined reference to `vtable for boost::detail::thread_data_base'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `boost::thread::start_thread()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/thread/detail/thread.hpp:179: undefined reference to `boost::thread::start_thread_noexcept()'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `boost::thread::~thread()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/thread/detail/thread.hpp:254: undefined reference to `boost::thread::detach()'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `boost::thread::get_id() const':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/thread/detail/thread.hpp:741: undefined reference to `boost::thread::native_handle()'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `boost::thread::join()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/thread/detail/thread.hpp:767: undefined reference to `boost::thread::join_noexcept()'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `boost::filesystem::exists(boost::filesystem::path const&)':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/filesystem/operations.hpp:404: undefined reference to `boost::filesystem::detail::status(boost::filesystem::path const&, boost::system::error_code*)'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `boost::filesystem::create_directories(boost::filesystem::path const&)':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/filesystem/operations.hpp:523: undefined reference to `boost::filesystem::detail::create_directories(boost::filesystem::path const&, boost::system::error_code*)'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o): In function `boost::detail::thread_data<void (*)()>::~thread_data()':
/media/software/Robots/Common/../boost_1_57_0/boost/thread/detail/thread.hpp:90: undefined reference to `boost::detail::thread_data_base::~thread_data_base()'
../Common/libcommon.a(Logger.o):(.rodata._ZTIN5boost6detail11thread_dataIPFvvEEE[_ZTIN5boost6detail11thread_dataIPFvvEEE]+0x10): undefined reference to `typeinfo for boost::detail::thread_data_base'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Needless to say that the project as a whole compiles with no issue.
This is my first attempt at building a c++ linux library and using it in another application, so I might be doing a rookie mistake, so bear that in mind.
Help is very much appreciated.
Thank you.
The order of libraries on the command line is significant to the linker. It processes libraries from left to right, resolving as-yet unresolved references already known to it against any functions provided by the current library.
Moreover, and particularly relevant here, if a given library contains references to functions that it does not itself provide then the linker does not resolve those against libraries it has already processed. That's why you have unresolved references: you have -lcommon last among your libraries, so function references therein will be resolved against only the C standard library.
It is valid to list libraries more than once in the link command, and sometimes that is needed, but in this case I think it makes sense simply to put -lcommon as the first library instead of the last. That will resolve the issue. You can even conceptualize this as putting the library most closely related to the main program closest to it in the link command.
I'm compiling a program with 3 source files: main.cpp, DataHandler.cpp and DataHandler.h.
I use a makefile that contains the following code to build:
Makefile
OBJECTS = main.o DataHandler.o
CC = g++
DEBUG = -g
CFLAGS = -c -std=c++11
LFLAGS = -lopendnp3 -lopenpal -lasiodnp3 -lasiopal -lpthread -std=c++11
lvoutstation : $(OBJECTS)
$(CC) $(LFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) -o lvoutstation
main.o : main.cpp DataHandler.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) main.cpp
DataHandler.o : DataHandler.cpp DataHandler.h
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) DataHandler.cpp
.PHONY : clean
clean :
rm lvoutstation $(OBJECTS)
It build main.o and DataHandler.o fine, but when it gets to compiling the action executable, it gives linking erros to all my asiodnp3 and opendnp3 namespace function / class calls.
When I run the following command:
g++ -o lvoutstation main.o DataHandler.o -lopendnp3 -lopenpal -lasiodnp3
-lasiopal -lpthread -std=c++11
It works fine..
I don't understand where the linking error comes in?
EDIT
Upon request for the error message:
g++ -lopendnp3 -lopenpal -lasiodnp3 -lasiopal -std=c++11 main.o DataHandler.o -o lvoutstation
main.o: In function `main':
main.cpp:(.text+0x85): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::DNP3Manager::DNP3Manager(unsigned int, openpal::ICryptoProvider*, std::function<void ()>, std::function<void ()>)'
main.cpp:(.text+0xb7): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::DNP3Manager::AddLogSubscriber(openpal::ILogHandler*)'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf0): undefined reference to `opendnp3::ChannelRetry::Default()'
main.cpp:(.text+0x123): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::DNP3Manager::AddTCPServer(char const*, unsigned int, opendnp3::ChannelRetry const&, std::string const&, unsigned short)'
main.cpp:(.text+0x19f): undefined reference to `opendnp3::EventBufferConfig::AllTypes(unsigned short)'
main.cpp:(.text+0x1d6): undefined reference to `opendnp3::DefaultOutstationApplication::Instance()'
main.cpp:(.text+0x2c8): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::DNP3Manager::~DNP3Manager()'
main.o: In function `opendnp3::LinkConfig::LinkConfig(bool, bool)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN8opendnp310LinkConfigC2Ebb[_ZN8opendnp310LinkConfigC5Ebb]+0x75): undefined reference to `openpal::TimeDuration::Seconds(long)'
main.cpp:(.text._ZN8opendnp310LinkConfigC2Ebb[_ZN8opendnp310LinkConfigC5Ebb]+0x87): undefined reference to `openpal::TimeDuration::Minutes(long)'
main.o: In function `opendnp3::OutstationConfig::OutstationConfig()':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN8opendnp316OutstationConfigC2Ev[_ZN8opendnp316OutstationConfigC5Ev]+0x14): undefined reference to `opendnp3::OutstationParams::OutstationParams()'
main.cpp:(.text._ZN8opendnp316OutstationConfigC2Ev[_ZN8opendnp316OutstationConfigC5Ev]+0x56): undefined reference to `opendnp3::EventBufferConfig::EventBufferConfig(unsigned short, unsigned short, unsigned short, unsigned short, unsigned short, unsigned short, unsigned short, unsigned short)'
main.o: In function `asiodnp3::ConsoleLogger::Instance()':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN8asiodnp313ConsoleLogger8InstanceEv[_ZN8asiodnp313ConsoleLogger8InstanceEv]+0x5): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::ConsoleLogger::instance'
DataHandler.o: In function `DataHandler::ReadMeasurements(asiodnp3::IOutstation*)':
DataHandler.cpp:(.text+0xfe): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::MeasUpdate::MeasUpdate(asiodnp3::IOutstation*)'
DataHandler.cpp:(.text+0x11d): undefined reference to `opendnp3::Analog::Analog(double)'
DataHandler.cpp:(.text+0x137): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::MeasUpdate::Update(opendnp3::Analog const&, unsigned short, opendnp3::EventMode)'
DataHandler.cpp:(.text+0x159): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::MeasUpdate::~MeasUpdate()'
DataHandler.cpp:(.text+0x17b): undefined reference to `asiodnp3::MeasUpdate::~MeasUpdate()'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [lvoutstation] Error 1
The makefile just works as expected. Your action becomes actually different from your command line sample
$(CC) $(LFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) -o lvoutstation
will expand to
g++ -lopendnp3 -lopenpal -lasiodnp3 -lasiopal -lpthread -std=c++11 \
main.o DataHandler.o -o lvoutstation
The order of object files and libraries matters for the linking process.
You can fix the linker errors providing the libraries after the object files:
$(CC) $(OBJECTS) $(LFLAGS) -o lvoutstation
I use makefile to compile my C++ program, but it shows a warning:
make
g++ -g -std=c++0x -o ns-client main.cpp Client.cpp TCPConnect.cpp RSAsample.cpp libStatic/libchilkat_i386.a libStatic/libchilkat_x86_64.a -lpthread
ld: warning: ignoring file libStatic/libchilkat_i386.a, file was built for archive which is not the architecture being linked (x86_64): libStatic/libchilkat_i386.a
My makefile is as follows:
cat Makefile
LIBS = libStatic/libchilkat_i386.a libStatic/libchilkat_x86_64.a -lpthread
GPP = g++ -g -std=c++0x
TARGET = -o ns-client
CPP = main.cpp Client.cpp TCPConnect.cpp RSAsample.cpp
all:
$(GPP) $(TARGET) $(CPP) $(LIBS)
clean:
rm ns-client
libchilkat_i386.a and libchilkat_x86_64.a are downloaded by me, not implemented by me. I put them under a directory called "libStatic".
These are all my C++ files and lib:
ls
Client.cpp RSAsample.cpp libStatic
Client.h RSAsample.h main.cpp
Client_Common.h TCPConnect.cpp ns-client
Common_Num_Define.h TCPConnect.h ns-client.dSYM
Common_Protocol.h include ns-server
Makefile libDyn
In libStatic directory, it has:
ls
libchilkat_i386.a libchilkat_x86_64.a
I don't know why this warning happens. Even though it has this warning, it still compile successfully. But when I upload them to our school's server and compile them(I definitely upload these static libs), it shows:
undefined reference to
Many these kinds of errors. For example:
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/Client.cpp:17: undefined reference to `CkRsa::exportPublicKey()'
All these functions and vars which are mentioned in these kinds of errors should be included in libchilkat_i386.a libchilkat_x86_64.a
So I doubt maybe it is because of my Makefile.But I am not sure. I also doubt that maybe related to the first warning. Can somebody tells me how solve the first warning or why it cannot compile on another machine but can compile on my own machine? Thanks for everyone's help!
This is all errors it showed on our school's server:
/tmp/ccA32Kao.o: In function `My_RSA::My_RSA()':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN6My_RSAC2Ev[_ZN6My_RSAC5Ev]+0x19): undefined reference to `CkRsa::CkRsa()'
main.cpp:(.text._ZN6My_RSAC2Ev[_ZN6My_RSAC5Ev]+0x2b): undefined reference to `CkRsa::CkRsa()'
main.cpp:(.text._ZN6My_RSAC2Ev[_ZN6My_RSAC5Ev]+0x3d): undefined reference to `CkRsa::CkRsa()'
main.cpp:(.text._ZN6My_RSAC2Ev[_ZN6My_RSAC5Ev]+0x54): undefined reference to `CkRsa::~CkRsa()'
main.cpp:(.text._ZN6My_RSAC2Ev[_ZN6My_RSAC5Ev]+0x69): undefined reference to `CkRsa::~CkRsa()'
/tmp/ccA32Kao.o: In function `My_RSA::~My_RSA()':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN6My_RSAD2Ev[_ZN6My_RSAD5Ev]+0x1a): undefined reference to `CkRsa::~CkRsa()'
main.cpp:(.text._ZN6My_RSAD2Ev[_ZN6My_RSAD5Ev]+0x2c): undefined reference to `CkRsa::~CkRsa()'
main.cpp:(.text._ZN6My_RSAD2Ev[_ZN6My_RSAD5Ev]+0x3c): undefined reference to `CkRsa::~CkRsa()'
/tmp/cciEnFVR.o: In function `Client::Register()':
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/Client.cpp:17: undefined reference to `CkRsa::exportPublicKey()'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/Client.cpp:18: undefined reference to `CkRsa::exportPrivateKey()'
/tmp/cciEnFVR.o: In function Client::Login()':
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/Client.cpp:128: undefined reference toCkRsa::exportPublicKey()'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/Client.cpp:129: undefined reference to CkRsa::exportPrivateKey()'
/tmp/cciEnFVR.o: In functionClient::Judge_Command(char*)':
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/Client.cpp:930 : undefined reference to CkRsa::exportPrivateKey()'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/Client.cpp:931: undefined reference toCkRsa::exportPublicKey()'
/tmp/ccRMXreb.o: In function My_RSA::MyEncryption(char const*, char const*)':
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 16: undefined reference toCkRsa::put_EncodingMode(char const*)'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 17: undefined reference to CkRsa::ImportPublicKey(char const*)'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 25: undefined reference toCkRsa::encryptStringENC(char const*, bool)'
/tmp/ccRMXreb.o: In function My_RSA::MyDecryption(char*)':
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 33: undefined reference toCkRsa::put_EncodingMode(char const*)'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 34: undefined reference to CkRsa::ImportPrivateKey(char const*)'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 42: undefined reference toCkRsa::decryptStringENC(char const*, bool)'
/tmp/ccRMXreb.o: In function My_RSA::My_Initial_Key()':
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 52: undefined reference toCkRsa::UnlockComponent(char const*)'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 58: undefined reference to CkRsa::GenerateKey(int)'
/home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/RSAsample.cpp: 61: undefined reference toCkMultiByteBase::lastErrorText()'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [all] Error 1
All these functions which should belong to CKRsa are in #include "include/CkRsa.h", but I definitely create the "include" directory on our school's server and upload these CKRsa.h files in that directory.
I revise my makefile,but it still doesn't work:
cat Makefile
LFLAGS += -L /home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/libStatic
LIBS = libStatic/libchilkat_x86_64.a -lpthread
GPP = g++ -g -std=c++0x
TARGET = -o ns-client
CPP = main.cpp Client.cpp TCPConnect.cpp Common_Protocol.h RSAsample.cpp TCPConnect.h Client.h RSAsample.h include/CkRsa.h
all:
$(GPP) $(LFLAGS) $(TARGET) $(CPP) $(LIBS)
I revise makefile again, but it still doesn't work:
cat Makefile
LFLAGS += -L /home/users/liuly/liuly/networksecurity/project/cplus/client/libStatic
LIBS = -lchilkat_x86_64 -lpthread
GPP = g++ -g -std=c++0x
TARGET = -o ns-client
CPP = main.cpp Client.cpp TCPConnect.cpp Common_Protocol.h RSAsample.cpp TCPConnect.h Client.h RSAsample.h include/CkRsa.h
all:
$(GPP) $(LFLAGS) $(TARGET) $(CPP) $(LIBS)
The library problem (built for a different architecture) is easily fixed by NOT using the library that you don't want. If you are publishing a makefile, you'll have to use some sort of configuration setting to determine the right architecture. If it's just your own project, pick the one that matches your system (by the looks of your makefile, the x86_variant).
The error CkRsa::exportPublicKey is caused by your client code: The official symbol is CkRsa::ExportPublicKey - note the uppercase E at the beginning of the function name.
Here's the header file:
http://smart-refrigerator-hbnu.googlecode.com/svn/branches/kmy/RFID_CLIENT_/include/CkRsa.h
Now I see why this happens. My professor tells me that the static library which is downloaded from internet is only used for MAC OS (my own laptop is MAC), but our school's server is ubuntu. So i need to download the ubuntu version,otherwise our server cannot recognize the static lib. nm -a libchilkat_x86_64.a |less using this command to check whether it can be recognized.
When I use this command on our server,it shows:
nm: C_CkString.o: File format not recognized etc
I trying to build brief software. Firstly I create the ./lib/libbrief.so, and secondly I am trying to build main file. The makefile which included in .zip file:
CC=g++
SOURCES=main.cpp
OBJECTS=$(SOURCES:.cpp=.o)
EXECUTABLE=main
//#Only enable -msse4.2 on CPUs supporting the POPCNT instruction
CFLAGS = -Wall -DNDEBUG -O3 -march=nocona #-msse4.2
//#CFLAGS = -Wall -DDEBUG -g -O0 -fno-inline-functions
LDFLAGS = -Wl
//# BRIEF
CFLAGS += -I../brief/include
LDFLAGS += -L../brief/lib -lbrief
//# OpenCV
CFLAGS += `pkg-config opencv --cflags`
LDFLAGS += `pkg-config opencv --libs`
all: $(SOURCES) $(EXECUTABLE)
$(EXECUTABLE): $(OBJECTS)
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) -o $#
.cpp.o:
$(CC) -g -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $#
clean:
rm -f $(OBJECTS) $(EXECUTABLE) matches.png
However I am getting errors, related with opencv. The errors found:
g++ -Wl -L../brief/lib -lbrief `pkg-config opencv --libs` main.o -o main
main.o: In function `~BRIEF':
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/../brief/include/brief/BRIEF.hpp:203:
undefined reference to `cvReleaseImage'
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/../brief/include/brief/BRIEF.hpp:204:
undefined reference to `cvReleaseImage'
main.o: In function `BRIEF':
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/../brief/include/brief/BRIEF.hpp:156:
undefined reference to `cvCreateImage'
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/../brief/include/brief/BRIEF.hpp:157:
undefined reference to `cvCreateImage'
main.o: In function `TestSampler<signed char>::sampleGaussian(signed char*, int, int)'
main.o: In function `BRIEF':
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/../brief/include/brief/BRIEF.hpp:156:
undefined reference to `cvCreateImage'
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/../brief/include/brief/BRIEF.hpp:157:
undefined reference to `cvCreateImage'
main.o: In function `TestSampler<signed char>::sampleGaussian(signed char*, int, int)':
main.o: In function `BRIEF::writeTests(std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> > const&) const':
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/../brief/include/brief/BRIEF.hpp:511:
undefined reference to `utils::stdoutError(std::basic_string<char,
std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> >, char const*, int, char const*)'
main.o: In function `BRIEF::readTests(std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> > const&)':
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/../brief/include/brief/BRIEF.hpp:524:
undefined reference to `utils::stdoutError(std::basic_string<char,
std::char_traits<char>,
std::allocator<char> >, char const*, int, char const*)'
main.o: In function `detectSURF':
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/main.cpp:92: undefined reference to
`cvCreateMemStorage'
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/main.cpp:101: undefined reference to
`cvExtractSURF'
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/main.cpp:106: undefined reference to
`cvGetSeqElem'
main.o: In function `timeDescription(int)':
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/main.cpp:201: undefined reference to
`cvLoadImage'
Desktop/asdf/brief_v1.0/test_app/main.cpp:214: undefined reference to
`cvReleaseImage'
main.o: In function `~BRIEF':
What have to do to build proper the main.cpp?
You must list all the object files on the link like before the libraries that they use.
See, for example, Why does the order in which libraries are linked sometimes cause errors in GCC?
I am in linux. My Makefile file is this
main2: main.cpp
g++ -c $(LIBS) $(CFLAGS) -fPIC main.cpp
g++ -shared main.o -o main.so
Where,
SDL_CFLAGS := $(shell sdl-config --cflags)
SDL_LDFLAGS := $(shell sdl-config --libs)
CC = gcc
COPTS = -g -Wall
CFLAGS = $(SDL_CFLAGS)
LIBS = -lstdc++ -lSDL $(SDL_LDFLAGS) -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lGL -lGLU
which runs
g++ -c -lstdc++ -lSDL -L/usr/lib -lSDL -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lGL -lGLU -I/usr/include/SDL -D_GNU_SOURCE=1 -D_REENTRANT -fPIC main.cpp
g++ -shared main.o -o main.so
Now, this works without error. main.o and main.so files are produced.
However, when I try to link main.os with python ctypes
from ctypes import * import os
libtest = cdll.LoadLibrary(os.getcwd()+ '/main.so') libtest.main_loop()
libtest.main_loop()
I get this error
>>> libtest = cdll.LoadLibrary(os.getcwd() + '/main.so')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/ctypes/__init__.py", line 431, in LoadLibrary
return self._dlltype(name)
File "/usr/lib/python2.6/ctypes/__init__.py", line 353, in __init__
self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)
OSError: /home/atomos/DF/open_gl_client/ctypes_client/main.so: undefined symbol: glEnd
I am not sure if I am creating the linked library correctly. How do I create a linked library that I can load?
Do I have to create a .o and .os file for every library I import from main.cpp or is that taken care of automatically?
I do not understand what the compiler or linker is doing, however it works for a simple example with no imports, but for cpp files which import opengl libraries, it gives that error.
---- Update----
ldd against main.so yields
ldd main.so
linux-gate.so.1 => (0xb7755000)
libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6 (0xaf625000)
libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libm.so.6 (0xaf5ff000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 (0xaf4a4000)
libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib/libgcc_s.so.1 (0xaf485000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0xb7756000)
---- Update ----
I ran g++ without -shared flag in the second compilation step and received this error
g++ main.o -o main.so
main.o: In function `Texture_map_list::add_texture(std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >)':
main.cpp:(.text+0xf0fe): undefined reference to `glGenTextures'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf2ba): undefined reference to `glBindTexture'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf2d7): undefined reference to `glTexParameterf'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf2f4): undefined reference to `glTexParameterf'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf310): undefined reference to `glTexParameteri'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf32c): undefined reference to `glTexParameteri'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf365): undefined reference to `gluBuild2DMipmaps'
main.o: In function `init()':
main.cpp:(.text+0xf457): undefined reference to `SDL_Init'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf46d): undefined reference to `SDL_WM_SetCaption'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf472): undefined reference to `SDL_GetVideoInfo'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf480): undefined reference to `SDL_GetError'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf497): undefined reference to `SDL_Quit'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf4e2): undefined reference to `SDL_GL_SetAttribute'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf505): undefined reference to `SDL_SetVideoMode'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf513): undefined reference to `SDL_GetError'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf52a): undefined reference to `SDL_Quit'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf559): undefined reference to `glClearColor'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf565): undefined reference to `glEnable'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf571): undefined reference to `glMatrixMode'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf576): undefined reference to `glLoadIdentity'
main.cpp:(.text+0xf5a2): undefined reference to `gluPerspective'
main.o: In function `process_keypresses()':
main.cpp:(.text+0x10678): undefined reference to `SDL_PollEvent'
main.cpp:(.text+0x109a1): undefined reference to `SDL_PollEvent'
main.o: In function `main_loop':
main.cpp:(.text+0x10d76): undefined reference to `SDL_GetKeyState'
main.cpp:(.text+0x10d9f): undefined reference to `SDL_Quit'
main.o: In function `render()':
main.cpp:(.text+0x10e00): undefined reference to `SDL_GetMouseState'
main.cpp:(.text+0x10e90): undefined reference to `SDL_GetMouseState'
main.cpp:(.text+0x10f94): undefined reference to `glClear'
main.cpp:(.text+0x10fa0): undefined reference to `glMatrixMode'
main.cpp:(.text+0x10fa5): undefined reference to `glLoadIdentity'
main.cpp:(.text+0x11081): undefined reference to `gluLookAt'
main.cpp:(.text+0x11120): undefined reference to `glTranslatef'
main.cpp:(.text+0x1114d): undefined reference to `glRotatef'
main.cpp:(.text+0x1117a): undefined reference to `glRotatef'
main.cpp:(.text+0x1119e): undefined reference to `SDL_GL_SwapBuffers'
main.o: In function `draw_plane(float, float, float)':
main.cpp:(.text+0x111d8): undefined reference to `glColor3f'
main.cpp:(.text+0x111e4): undefined reference to `glBegin'
main.cpp:(.text+0x1120b): undefined reference to `glVertex3f'
....
First, note that this is easier to debug if you don't build a shared library. You are building with -shared so the linker errors don't happen until you dynamically load the library in Python. Turn off -shared while you are debugging, and you will see the errors on the command-line when you try to link:
g++ main.o -o main
main.o: In function `main':
main.cpp:(.text+0x1d): undefined reference to `glBegin'
main.cpp:(.text+0x22): undefined reference to `glEnd'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
Now the problem is that you are passing linker arguments to the compiler. I see that you have nicely separated CFLAGS and LIBS in the Makefile. Good. But you are passing both $(LIBS) and $(CFLAGS) on the first line, to build main.o. The LIBS will be ignored on that line, because they are link flags.
On the second line, where you are actually building the final executable, you do not pass $(LIBS), so the program is not linked with libGL or any other libraries.
Therefore, simply fix your makefile thusly:
main2: main.cpp
g++ -c $(CFLAGS) -fPIC main.cpp
g++ -shared main.o $(LIBS) -o main.so
Edit: I have since realised that in GCC, you must always put the libraries after the object files, so I have changed the last line of the makefile accordingly.
Simple:
You are passing the link flags to object compilation step.
Here is what you need:
g++ -c -I/usr/include/SDL -D_GNU_SOURCE=1 -D_REENTRANT main.cpp
g++ -lstdc++ -lSDL -L/usr/lib -lSDL -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lGL -lGLU -fPIC main.o -o main
Plus you probably don't want to create so file, but a normal executable.